Abstract
Predation is a major driver of community dynamics and ecosystem function, shaping the behavior, physiology, and morphology of aquatic life, including the fishes. Survival requires prey to recognize new predators, relying on olfactory, visual, or vibration cues, and to exhibit antipredator responses. When multiple cues are present, smell is often the primary risk indicator. Chemical alarm odors (CAOs), stored in specialized club cells, are innately recognized and trigger antipredator behavior. These CAOs are released when club cells rupture, usually due to mechanical damage, and serve as a reliable predator signal. Upon detecting CAOs, prey adjust behavior to minimize detection risk.