Abstract
Patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) have a deficiency in energy production as a result of dysfunctions in their mitochondrial metabolism, defects in the complexes of the electron transport chain, and in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This can lead to an imbalance and excess of these species with subsequent modifications of proteins, lipids, and DNA. Oxidative stress is defined as an accumulation of ROS due to a loss of regulation and the subsequent inability to detoxify them. The modifications to the cellular macromolecules by ROS can be used as biomarkers of oxidative stress and so have the potential to monitor the disease course of a condition like ME/CFS. Proteins are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress as amino acid residues are naturally modified as part of cell signaling so, in an imbalance between ROS and antioxidants, proteins become modified at multiple sites potentially altering structure and function. Protein carbonyl modifications are stable and can be measured using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine using a commercial ELISA assay. This has been applied here to immune cell proteins and plasma from ME/CFS patients who had moderate functional activity before and during an exercise protocol, and was shown to have potential as a marker of oxidative stress in these patients. The methods used to measure the DNA modification, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) are known to give varied results depending on the technology used. Here, a commercial ELISA assay did not have the sensitivity to detect the modifications in the DNA before and during the exercise protocol of these ME/CFS patients.