Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to evaluate the potential for neurosurgical strategies to enhance brain function. These developments are considered in the context of the history of psychosurgery, which has shaped the ethical landscape in which future invasive surgical interventions will be evaluated. Consideration is given to the ethical, moral, legal, and socioeconomic implications posed by existing electrical modulation technologies, including future neurosurgical strategies, such as deep brain stimulation for cognitive or mood enhancement. The potential demand for the non-therapeutic use of these surgical strategies poses economic and legislative problems.