Abstract
Updated estimates of the prevalence of complications and case fatality ratio (CFR) among typhoid fever patients are needed to inform typhoid fever prevention and control. We updated our 2020 systematic review on June 11, 2025, including non-surgical (typhoid fever) and surgical (typhoid intestinal perforation, TIP) reports of complications or CFR published in PubMed, Web of Science, and eight pre-print repositories including the keywords Salmonella Typhi, mortality, case fatality, died, death, complications, perforation, and hemorrhage. We synthesised the prevalence of individual pre-defined complications, pooled CFR estimates using random effects meta-analysis, and stratified prevalences by UN region, sub-region, setting of recruitment, and age groups.