Abstract
The study presented in this thesis explored the experiences of autistic adults engaging in tabletop role-playing games (TRPGs) such as Dungeons and Dragons. Autism is increasingly recognised as a form of neurological difference rather than a deficit, yet deficit-focused assumptions and non-autistic social norms contribute to negative social experiences, leading to higher rates of loneliness, mental health challenges, and suicidality. In Aotearoa New Zealand, where therapeutic services remain difficult to access, self-initiated community-based supports play a crucial role in promoting wellbeing. While research highlights potential mental health and social benefits of TRPG participation, studies focused on autistic adults, particularly in Aotearoa New Zealand, are limited.
Using constructivist grounded theory (CGT), 13 autistic adults were interviewed to develop a theoretical understanding of their TRPG engagement in non-therapeutic settings. Semi-structured interviews explored the initiation, forms, and outcomes of participation in TRPGs, as well as factors influencing sustained engagement. Reflexivity, informed by constructivism and critical autism studies, was maintained through the careful application of CGT methods, including memoing and constant comparative analysis. Analysis led to the co-construction of the substantive grounded theory of a journey of belonging, a social psychological process in which TRPG participation fosters profound interconnectedness. The theory integrates six concepts: connecting, participating, committing, supporting, strengthening bonds, and building understanding. These stages illustrate how autistic adults cultivate interpersonal and intrapersonal belonging through TRPG engagement.
Findings extend existing research by offering a novel conceptualisation of belonging in TRPG settings. The study presents an empowering narrative of support for autistic adults, positioning TRPGs as accessible, self-initiated activities that foster social connection, personal growth, and enhanced wellbeing. Insights contribute to a broader understanding of how TRPG participation can address loneliness and support positive mental health outcomes within the autistic community.