Abstract
As a consequence of globalization and immigration, our urban populations are becoming more culturally and ethnically diverse. How does this diversity influence the manner in which our green spaces are used, and the types of green spaces preferred? And are these preferred green space types also biodiverse? Green spaces play an important role in supporting urban biodiversity, and ideally green spaces that are enjoyed by people can also contribute meaningfully to biodiversity conservation. While studies have discussed the positive effects of nature spaces on human well-being, there is limited information on the way various ethnic groups use these spaces. Set in New Zealand, this research provides empirical information from key ethnic groups as to their knowledge, values and attitudes towards urban nature spaces and biodiversity in general. I explore whether preferred green spaces that are used the most are also biodiverse green spaces. I show that Pākehā (New Zealand-Europeans) have the highest exposure to biodiversity (biodiversity exposure calculated as a combination of time spent in and biodiversity of a place) when compared with Māori (Indigenous New Zealanders), Asians, and Pasifika (Pacific Peoples). Pākehā also tend to visit more natural spaces in comparison to Asians and Pasifika, who frequented more recreational green spaces and open public areas respectively. In terms of landscape preference, Māori preferred less manicured landscapes compared to Asian study participants. However, having affordances in certain landscapes such as woodlands and open public areas was preferred by all ethnic groups. When asked to select from an equal number of native and exotic birds and flora based on familiarity, Māori participants were most familiar with native species. However, in terms of the types of fauna people would like to see more of, while native species were preferred regardless of ethnicity, fruit trees and cherry blossoms were also the preferred flora that Asian and Pasifika participants would like to see of more. Understanding the motivations of green space use of ethnically diverse members of the community will enable more directed communication strategies and public engagement for biodiversity enhancement initiatives.