Abstract
This project aims to re-examine the historical significance of Spartan King Agis III, who ruled from 338-0 BCE, during the time of Alexander the Great’s extensive campaigns in Asia. Despite Agis III’s attempts to revolt against Alexander and his many appeals for assistance from various Greek city-states and the Persians, these events are scarcely mentioned in historical records. The prevailing narrative constructed by primary sources and scholarly works have since depicted Agis and his war in a negative light, characterised as a futile endeavour that resulted in the loss of lives and the decline of Sparta’s relevance. This thesis seeks to challenge this negative perception by conducting contextual and thematic analyses of influential aspects of the Classical world that are relevant to Agis III’s campaign and the transitional period introduced by Alexander in the dawn of the Hellenic Age. The topics examined in relation to Agis’ rule include the role of Spartan kingship from 399-338 BCE, the prevailing Greek sentiment toward Agis’ revolt and the Macedonian incursion, and the responses of various parties to Agis’ war. Through these analyses, it becomes evident that Agis’ conflict against Macedonia was one of the last instances of a coordinated and unified ‘Greek’ response to a foreign invasion. The significance and scale of this conflict have been downplayed in the historical narrative due to the influence of pro-Alexander traditions. By approaching the sources and scholarship on Agis’ rule without the bias of excessive admiration for Alexander, a more comprehensive chronology of Agis’ revolt can be established. This revised perspective not only provides a foundation for future scholarship, but also offers a unique viewpoint on the transformative era initiated by Alexander, free from the glorified narrative that often shapes our understanding of the Hellenic period. Ultimately, it allows Agis III to be recognised with a legacy more fitting for a Spartan King.