Abstract
Hypoxia/ischemia is a major cause of acute neonatal brain injury and may lead to the development of neurological disabilities, mainly cerebral palsy. Hypoxic/ischemic (H/I) injury occurs as a result of decreased oxygen level in the brain and/or blood and reduced perfusion of the brain tissue. One of the main sites involved in neonatal H/I brain injury is the striatum. In children, injury to the striatum results in the muscular abnormalities of cerebral palsy. Medium-spiny neurons constitute the major neuronal population of the striatum in both primates and rodents. Hence, the rescue or restoration of the medium-spiny neuron population is a viable aim in treating neonatal H/I injury. Current evidence has shown hypothermia, a neuroprotective strategy, to be effective in treating H/I injury. However, hypothermia and other neuroprotective strategies can only be administered within 2 – 6 hours post-injury.
The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of a seven-day delay in treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a neurorestorative strategy, following hypoxia/ischemia in the neonatal rat. Furthermore, the effect of a subcutaneous injection of a high-dose (HD, 7.5 x 10^5 – 1 x 10^6) and of a low-dose (LD, 8.5 x 10^4 – 1.2 x 10^5) of MSCs was investigated. This was the first study to assess the efficacy of the subcutaneous route of delivery in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy following neonatal H/I injury. On postnatal day (PN) 7, male pups were exposed to H/I injury. After a seven-day delay (i.e. PN 14), pups were weight-matched in pairs or triplets and randomly assigned to either a diluent injection of Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) or a MSC injection. In the LD MSC experiment, five pups were administered the diluent while six pups received a LD MSC injection. In the HD MSC experiment, seven pups were administered the diluent while nine pups received a HD MSC injection. The therapeutic effect was assessed using behavioral testing, and stereological analysis of the absolute total number of striatal medium-spiny neurons. On PN 20, the functional outcome was assessed using the negative geotaxis, cylinder, elevated body swing and foot-fault tests. Each pup was sacrificed on PN 21 and their brain was dissected from the cranium. Injured hemispheres were subsequently embedded in Technovit, serially sectioned and stained. Sections were stereologically analyzed using the Cavalieri method and optical disector method to estimate the absolute number of striatal medium-spiny neurons between diluent- and MSC-receiving pups. To our knowledge, this was the first study that used unbiased modern stereological methods to quantify the absolute number of medium-spiny neurons in the striatum following MSC therapy in neonatal hypoxia/ischemia. A sub-aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of the negative geotaxis test in the study of neonatal H/I injury before the administration of any treatments. As such, pups were tested on the negative geotaxis apparatus on PN 12 and PN 14, prior to MSC and diluent injections on the afternoon of PN 14.
The findings of this study showed that a seven-day delay in MSC treatment did not have a statistically significant improvement on the functional outcome following H/I injury. However, a positive trend was observed in the cylinder test in pups receiving MSCs. MSC administration resulted in a higher preference of using the contralateral injured limb over the ipsilateral uninjured limb when compared to the diluent-administered pups. This positive trend was more profound in the HD MSC group compared to the LD MSC pups. The stereological findings showed that delayed MSC therapy was effective in attenuating the loss in striatal medium-spiny neurons compared to diluent-receiving pups. This difference was found to be statistically significant. The HD MSCs were more effective than the LD MSCs and restored the number of striatal medium-spiny neurons to normal levels. The subcutaneous route was also shown to be an effective route in delivering MSCs. Finally, results from the negative geotaxis test showed that this test may not be an effective assessment in evaluating the functional outcome following neonatal H/I brain injury. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that delayed MSC therapy can be an effective tool in treating neonatal H/I brain injury. These findings may offer hope to children who have missed the critical period of 2 – 6 hours post-injury, which is limited to neuroprotective interventions.