Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are abundant unconventional T cells that recognize microbe-derived riboflavin me-tabolites presented by MR1. Upon recognition, they become activated, produce proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and cy-totoxic molecules. MAIT cells are also activated by cytokines independently of T cell receptor (TCR) engagement; however, these two signals can also act in concert to fine-tune MAIT cell functions. Additionally, multiple other co-stimulatory signals have also been reported that can boost MAIT cell effector responses to TCR or cytokine stimulation. However, a comprehensive study exploring the role of surface-bound TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) molecule 4-1BB, well known for its co-stimulatory function during conventional T cell activation, is lacking in the context of MAIT cells. In this study, we show that 4-1BB is the earliest and most highly expressed TNFRSF co-stimulatory molecule on MAIT cells upon activation by Escherichia coli, with expression seen as early as 6 h where it was predominantly MR1 mediated. 4-1BB expression on MAIT cells following late activation was due to both TCR signaling and cytokine signaling. We found marked differences in MAIT cell activation and cytokine expression between 4-1BB+ and 4-1BB-MAIT cells suggesting 4-1BB expression on MAIT cells is associated with functional superiority. By blocking 4-1BB signaling or coculturing with a 4-1BBL overexpressing cell line, we demonstrated an important role of co-stimulation via 4-1BB in MAIT cells during activation. Expression and signaling via 4-1BB also enhanced T-bet and Blimp1 expression. In summary, our study confirms a role for 4-1BB signaling during MAIT cell activation.