Abstract
The production of F1 hybrids is a highly desirable breeding system, as it allows trait fixation in inbred lines and generates heterosis in the hybrid seed. Ensuring outcrossing between parental lines is essential and is usually achieved through male-sterility, detasseling, or chemical treatment of anthers on the maternal parent. In self-incompatible (SI) species, the inability to self-fertilise complicates the production of homozygous inbred lines, and biotechnological approaches to F1 seed production implemented in cereals do not overcome the limitations of SI (Herridge et al. 2019; Wu et al. 2016). Here we present a New Breeding Technique for F1 hybrid production in SI species that facilitates both requirements called " Combined Inbreeding And Outcrossing " (CIAO).