Abstract
Previous research has focused on the perioperative or short-term (<1 year) mortality rate of total knee arthroplasty (TKA), leaving the long-term (>1 year) mortality rate unresolved. In this study, we calculated the mortality rate up to 15 years after primary TKA.
Data from the New Zealand Joint Registry from April 1998 to December 2021 were analyzed. Patients aged 45 years or older who underwent TKA for osteoarthritis were included. Mortality data were linked with national records from births, deaths, and marriages. To determine the expected mortality rates in the general population, age-sex-specific life tables from statistics New Zealand were used. Mortality rate was presented as standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) – a comparison of relative mortality rate between the TKA and general populations. In total, 98,156 patients with a median follow-up of 7.25 years (range, 0.00 to 23.74) were included.
Over the entire follow-up period, 22,938 patients (23.4%) had died. The overall SMR for the TKA cohort was 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06 to 1.09), suggesting that TKA patients have an 8% higher mortality rate compared to the general population. However, a reduction in short-term mortality rate was observed for TKA patients up to 5 years post TKA (SMR 5 years post TKA; 0.59 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.60]). On the contrary, a significantly increased long-term mortality rate was observed in TKA patients with greater than 11 years of follow-up, particularly in men over the age of 75 years (SMR 11 to 15 years post TKA for males ≥ 75 years; 3.13 [95% CI: 2.95 to 3.31]).
The results suggest a reduction in short-term mortality rate for patients who undergo primary TKA. However, there is an increased long-term mortality rate particularly in men over the age of 75 years. Importantly, the mortality rates observed in this study cannot be causally attributed to TKA alone.