Abstract
Gut microbiota play an essential role in host health with important implications for conservation management of threatened wildlife. While factors such as diet, medication and habitat are known to shape the microbiota, our understanding of the entirety of factors, including the complex role of host genomic background, remains incomplete. Our research on the interaction between the host genome and gut microbiota of the critically endangered kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), a flightless parrot endemic to Aotearoa New Zealand, represents, to our knowledge, one of the most comprehensive studies of the gastrointestinal bacterial diversity and its relationship with host genomic diversity for virtually an entire threatened species. We conducted a 16S rRNA gene-based analysis of faecal samples representing the gut microbiota for 84% of kakapo. This survey was leveraged with exceptional metadata to tease apart the impact of host genomic diversity and factors including sex, age, diet, antibiotics, disease, habitat and sampling date on the kakapo gut microbiota. We find evidence of a highly polygenic genomic architecture of the gut microbiota and identify putative associations between bacterial diversity and functional pathways related to intestinal homeostasis, inflammation, immunity and metabolism. This improved understanding of the kakapo gut microbiota-and its relationship with host genomics-can directly benefit kakapo conservation by providing new insights into the role of the gut microbiome in kakapo health and disease mitigation. Overall, we anticipate that an integration of microbiome studies in conservation research and management will improve our understanding and realisation of the One Health concept.