Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a growing concern among the aging populations. Despite clear improvements in management, HF prognosis remains poor. After diagnosis, many patients suffer recurrent exacerbations leading to frequent hospitalizations and early mortality. While HF guidelines recommend using validated scoring systems to improve prognostication and tailor treatment, existing risk tools often lack the necessary accuracy for individualized patient management. Biomarkers offer the prospect of strengthening existing risk stratification tools.