Abstract
Non-medical use of nitrous oxide (N₂O) is becoming increasingly popular globally, yet little data exists regarding N₂O in Aotearoa New Zealand. We aimed to explore patterns of use and harm in those who consume N₂O in Aotearoa, and related knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of those with and without N₂O experience. A convenience sample of people with N₂O experience (n = 466) and without (n = 510) completed an online survey about N₂O. Most with N₂O experience reported infrequent and low-dose consumption. Harm reduction behaviors were utilized by most consumers, and reports of adverse effects were relatively low. Self-reported acute or chronic harm (primarily psychological) was reported by only 5.8% of the N₂O sample, whilst 9.2% reported ever experiencing persistent numbness (5.2% in the past 12 months). Self-reported knowledge about N₂O varied and was greater in those with N₂O experience. N₂O knowledge was generally poor, although more accurate in those with N₂O experience. Attitudes generally differed between those with and without N₂O experience, and perceived harmfulness and experience significantly contributed to attitudes regarding N₂O legality. Findings underscore the relative safety of N₂O when used recreationally, but also highlight the need for greater drug education around potential risks of N₂O use and harm reduction.