Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe the international and New Zealand (NZ) evidence for models of integrated ambulatory care and describe key implementation issues and lessons learnt. Design/methodology/approach A scoping review was conducted for published and grey literature on integrated care. Publications from 2000 to February 2019 that described integrated ambulatory care were included. Findings A total of 34 articles were included. Internationally and in NZ, the most common models of integrated care found were: transfer, relocation and joint working. The international literature showed that transferring care from hospitals to community and other integrated models of care between the primary-specialist interface increased access and convenience for patients. However, there was insufficient evidence of clinical and economic outcomes. Very few NZ-based studies reported on effectiveness of models of care. Key implementation issues were: no viable and sustainable funding, lack of infrastructure, lack of confidence, trust and communication between providers, increased workload and time and knowledge and skills gap to perform new roles. The NZ literature highlighted the need for an appropriate location for services, committed leadership, development of a governance group representing different provider groups, strong communication mechanisms, new workforce skills and overall change management. Originality/value The review provides an overview of key components of integrated care models in ambulatory settings and identifies some common elements across the models of care. The findings can inform the design and implementation of integrated ambulatory care in health systems.