Abstract
Foraging niche variation within a species can contribute to the maintenance of phenotypic diversity. The multiniche model posits that phenotypes occupying different niches can contribute to the maintenance of balanced polymorphisms. Using coastal populations of black bears (Ursus americanus kermodei) from British Columbia, Canada, we examined potential foraging niche divergence between phenotypes (black and white "Spirit" coat color) and between genotypes (black-coated homozygote and heterozygous). We applied the Bayesian multivariate models, with biotracers of diet (delta C-13 and delta N-15) together comprising the response variable, to draw inference about foraging niche variation. Variance-covariance matrices from multivariate linear mixed-effect models were visualized as the Bayesian standard ellipses in delta C-13 and delta N-15 isotopic space to assess potential seasonal and annual niche variation between phenotypes and genotypes. We did not detect a difference in annual isotopic foraging niche area in comparisons between genotypes or phenotypes. Consistent with previous field experimental and isotopic analyses, however, we found that white phenotype Spirit bears were modestly more enriched in delta N-15 during the fall foraging season, though with our modest sample sizes these results were not significant. Although also not statistically significant, variation in isotopic niches between genotypes revealed that heterozygotes were moderately more enriched in delta C-13 along hair segments grown during fall foraging compared with black-coated homozygotes. To the extent to which the pattern of elevated delta N-15 and delta C-13 may signal the consumption of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), as well as the influence of salmon consumption on reproductive fitness, these results suggest that black-coated heterozygotes could have a minor selective advantage in the fall compared with black-coated homozygotes. More broadly, our multivariate approach, coupled with knowledge of genetic variation underlying a polymorphic trait, provides new insight into the potential role of a multiniche mechanism in maintaining this rare morph of conservation priority in Canada's Great Bear Rainforest and could offer new understanding into polymorphisms in other systems.