Abstract
Nuts are associated with improved diet quality and reduced risk of chronic diseases. However, the benefits depend on regular consumption in adequate amounts. While short-term studies (≤12 weeks) have examined nut acceptance, the long-term effects are unknown. This study examined consumer acceptance of almonds compared to biscuits over one year. In a 12-month parallel trial, 136 non-obese participants were randomly assigned to receive either whole raw and/or roasted almonds or biscuits, equivalent to 10% total energy requirement (TER) or 1030 kJ (42.5 g almonds) daily, whichever was higher. Participants rated overall liking, desire to consume, and expected satiety weekly. Changes in liking and desire to consume ratings over the course of the study differed significantly between the almond and biscuit groups (P < 0.001). Almonds were initially rated higher, but from 17 weeks onward biscuits were consistently rated higher than almonds. However, throughout the study the mean liking and desire ratings for both groups remained above neutral. Changes in expected satiety ratings over the study also differed significantly between groups (P < 0.010). Almonds were rated significantly higher for the first 20 weeks, after which ratings declined, while biscuit ratings increased but remained lower than almonds. Although hedonic ratings declined over 12 months of almond consumption, average ratings stayed above neutral. However, the decline in ratings may contribute to reduced intake over time, emphasising the importance of strategies to maintain acceptance. Future research should test whether offering a variety nut types or added flavours—without compromising healthfulness—support long-term liking and desire to consume.