Abstract
Introduction: Food portion size (PS) and energy density (ED) are the two primary determinants of total energy intake. While emerging neuroscientific data indicate judgments of PS and ED involve distinct brain regions, it is not understood how these judgements interact with each other to influence an individual's energy consumption. The present study investigated these cognitive interactions against body-mass-index (BMI) and sex.
Methods: We tested 70 participants (including 34 overweight individuals) for cognitive biases when judging PS and ED, using the Garner task paradigm. Participants were asked to discriminate PS and ED, following predetermined cognitive rules. Reaction time and correctness of their responses were recorded and analysed against the testing conditions across sexes and BMI groups.
Results: We detected a significant 3-way interaction between BMI, Task, and Condition (F-(3,F- 67) = 4.1, p = 0.047, eta(2) = 0.06). Post-hoc tests suggested that, in the PS task, both weight groups experienced the Garner Interference effect introduced by variations of ED. That is, when making judgments concerning PS, participants were unable to ignore information relating to ED. Results from the ED task differed across weight groups, with only the overweight group being susceptible to the Garner Interference introduced by variations of PS. Additionally, both Sex and BMI were significant factors moderating reaction time when judging PS. Significantly longer reaction time was observed in female versus male comparisons, and for overweight versus healthy-weight participants (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Overall, the results confirmed cognitive interactions involving PS and ED, although these interactions were asymmetric across BMI groups. These findings provide new insights into the cognitive processes underpinning individual dietary decision-making, and are potentially important for developing targeted intervention strategies for effective management of unhealthy eating behaviour.