Abstract
Magnetotelluric (MT) impedances from 62 sites in southern South Island of Aotearoa New Zealand have been used to model geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in four transformers during two solar storms. Induced electric fields during the storms are calculated from the MT impedances using the magnetic fields measured at the Eyrewell (EYR) geomagnetic observatory, approximately 200 km north of the study area. Calculated GIC during the sudden storm commencements (SSC) give a generally good match to GIC measured by the network operator, Transpower New Zealand. Long period GIC (periods longer than about 10,000 s) are less well modeled. Calculations based on thin-sheet modeling, which has restrictions on the shortest period of variation which can be modeled, perform less well for the GIC associated with SSC, but are equally good, if not better, at modeling longer period GIC. Consistent underestimation of large GIC at one transformer (HWBT4) near Dunedin are likely to be the result of uncertainty in the assumed values of line, transformer, and earthing resistances. The assumption of a spatially uniform magnetic field across the study area, which is implied by use of the magnetic field measured at EYR as a basis for calculation, may also lead to incorrect calculation of GIC. For one storm use of magnetic field data from a magnetometer within the study area leads to much improved modeling of the observed GIC. This study compares modeled and measured GIC using specifically measured MT impedance data.
Variations in the Earth's magnetic field during magnetic storms produce induced currents (geomagnetically induced currents-GIC) in the ground which can present a risk to electricity transmission networks. Long period magnetotelluric measurements made at 62 sites in southern South Island of Aotearoa New Zealand have been used to model GIC observed during two magnetic storms. It is found that large GIC occurring over short periods of time associated with the commencement of a storm can be well modeled. GIC occurring over longer periods are less well modeled. Uncertainty in values of resistances incorporated in the model of the transmission network are likely to be the reason why the size of GIC is consistently underestimated at some locations. The assumption that the magnetic field variations are uniform across the study area is also found to not always be valid.
Magnetotelluric impedances from 62 sites across southern South Island of Aotearoa New Zealand have been used to model geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) during two storms Calculated GIC are compared to observed values at 4 transformers and GIC during sudden storm commencements are captured by MT-based models Quantitative comparison between simulations confirms that consideration of spatial variations in the magnetic field is important