Abstract
Background: Most childhood meningitis is viral in countries with widespread conjugate vaccine use. This study assessed clinical features and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preschool children following enteroviral and parechoviral meningitis. Methods: Children 18–42 months of age in Canterbury, New Zealand were included, who had enterovirus (EV) or parechovirus (HPEV) meningitis from 2015 to 2021. Comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessments were completed by a psychologist using the Bayley Scale for Infant Development-3 (BSID-3). Mean composite and scaled scores and proportion below the cutoff were assessed in each domain. Clinical data was analyzed. Results: There were 79 children 18–42 months old with previous EV or HPEV meningitis. BSID assessments were completed for 33 children (55% male), median age 32 months, from 2019 to 2022 including 23 with EV and 10 HPEV meningitis. At diagnosis, 32 (97%) received intravenous/intramuscular antibiotics, and 6 received a fluid bolus. Parents reported developmental speech concerns in 6 children, and delayed motor milestones in 1 child. There was no reported sensorineural hearing loss. BSID mean composite scores were in the expected range for cognition 102 (confidence interval: 98–106), language 96 (93–100) and motor 102 (98–106) domains. Overall, 12/33 (36%) children had below expected scores in 1 developmental domain, including scores 1–2 SD below the normative mean for cognition (2/33; 6%), receptive language (6/33; 18%), expressive language (5/33; 15%) and gross motor (6/33; 18%). There were no differences between scores in EV and HPEV meningitis. Conclusion: Following viral meningitis, more than a third of preschool children had a mild developmental delay with comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessment, suggesting targeted follow-up should be considered.