Abstract
Background: Left atrial (LA) and ventricular (LV) functional impairment often co-exist in patients with heart failure (HF). However, some patients with HF have a disproportionate LA or LV dysfunction. We aimed to characterize patients with predominant LA and LV myopathy in a cohort of patients with chronic HF across the spectrum of LV ejection fraction (LVEF).
Methods: From a nationwide, prospective, multi-center, observational HF cohort, transthoracic echocardiographic examination was performed on each patient. LA reservoir strain and LV global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) were measured using dedicated software of the two-dimensional speckle tracking analysis to evaluate LA and LV function and to define the myopathy.
Results: A total of 374 patients with chronic HF (mean age 58.9±11.5 years, 20% female, mean LVEF 39±17%) were included. By calculating the residuals from the linear regression between LA reservoir and LVGLS, we identified 47 patients with predominant LA myopathy, 271 patients with balanced LA/LV and 56 patients with predominant LV myopathy. Patients with predominant LA myopathy were older, had a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF), diabetes, higher plasma concentrations of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), Growth differential factor 15(GDF15), high sensitivity Troponin T (hs-TNT) as well as more dilated left and right atria, and worse right atrial function compared to other groups (all p-values < 0.05). Using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for LVEF and LA size, independent predictors of predominant LA myopathy were the presence of AF, diabetes, and higher GDF15, whereas absence of diabetes independently predicted predominant LV myopathy. Patients with predominant LA myopathy group had a lower probability of survival than the other groups (Log rank p-value = 0.01).
Conclusion: While most patients with HF have balanced LA/LV myopathy, those with predominant LA myopathy are characterized by older age, more AF, more diabetes, higher circulating biomarkers of cardiac stress and injury, and worse outcomes.