Abstract
This systematic review aimed to investigate the risk predictors of caries in primary teeth and evaluate their association with the increment of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) among preschool children.
This systematic review included only cohort or case-control studies of at least 2 years duration, over 300 participants and with English full-text. Potentially eligible studies were retrieved from four electronic databases (Ovid Embase, Ovid MEDLINE; PubMed, Web of Science) from inception to 1 March 2021. Independent screening and data extraction by two reviewers to identify factors associated with ECC increment, including family and socioeconomic factors, dietary and oral health-related habits, and clinical parameters.
A total of 18 studies from 163 potential reports were included, involving 1,159,226 preschool children. Lower parental education attainment was found associated with ECC increment (WMD:0.87; 95% CI 0.52, 1.21); whereas immigration status (WMD:-0.38; 95% CI -1.09, 0.34), gender (WMD:-0.02; 95% CI -0.28, 0.24) and dental service utilization (WMD:0.35; 95% CI -0.10, 0.79) were not significant factors for ECC increment. All included studies consistently suggested positive correlations between ECC increment and baseline caries experience, plaque level, cariogenic microorganisms, and prenatal and passive smoking, while mixed findings were detected between ECC increment with dietary and oral hygiene practices.
Preschool children whose parents have low education level are more likely to have greater increment of ECC over two years. Existing caries lesions, increased dental plaque level, cariogenic microorganisms, prenatal or passive smoking were also consistently identified as risk factors for ECC in all reviewed studies. This systematic review highlights specific risk factors to target for the prevention of ECC and supports implementing more oral health promotion for preschool children with parents of lower educational attainment.