Abstract
For devotees of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, food that does not meet standards of 'spiritual quality' in its production or preparation may be unsuitable for consumption. Regardless of availability and affordability, such food may as well be absent from the marketplace. Given that an estimated 55% of the world population is affiliated with these three Abrahamic faiths, the spiritual condition of food should be considered when measuring and assuring global nutritional security. A first step, and the aim of this article, is to raise awareness of the laws and customs that relate to the production, distribution and eating of food, with emphasis on the central role of 'meat security' in ancient and modern societies. Permissions and prohibitions stipulated in the Torah, Bible and Quran are described, along with interpretations and research from current literature. Religious customs have implications for modern methods of food production, particularly when meeting the needs of consumers who depend on Jewish kosher (fit or proper) and Islamic halal (lawful) meat supply. The on-going food security of these communities is at risk where local legislation and regulations restrict traditional practices such as religious slaughter of meat animals. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.