Abstract
The constant emergence and broad toxicological effects of synthetic cannabinoids create a discernible public health threat. The synthetic cannabinoid AMB-FUBINACA (AMB-FUB) is a potent agonist at the CB1 receptor and has been associated with numerous fatalities. Synthetic cannabinoids are commonly abused alongside other drugs and medications, including a "party pill" drug, para-fluorophenylpiperazine (pFPP), and the antipsychotic risperidone. This research aimed to investigate the mechanisms underpinning AMB-FUB toxicity and the impact of clinically relevant co-exposures in vivo.
Male and female C57Bl/6 mice received a single dose of AMB-FUB (3 or 6 mg kg−1), pFPP (10 or 20 mg kg−1) or vehicle intraperitoneally. Mice were co-exposed to AMB-FUB (3 mg kg−1) and pFPP (10 mg kg−1) or risperidone (0.5 mg kg−1) to investigate these drug combinations. To study receptor-dependency and potential rescue of AMB-FUB toxicity, rimonabant (3 mg kg−1) was administered both pre- and post-AMB-FUB. Adverse effects caused by drug administration, including hypothermia and convulsions, were recorded.
AMB-FUB induced CB1-dependent hypothermia and convulsions in mice. The combination of AMB-FUB and pFPP significantly potentiated hypothermia, as did risperidone pre-treatment. Interestingly, risperidone provided significant protection from AMB-FUB-induced convulsions in female mice. Pre- and post-treatment with rimonabant was able to significantly attenuate both hypothermia and convulsions in mice administered AMB-FUB.
Factors such as dose, CB1 signalling, and substance co-exposure significantly contribute to the toxicity of AMB-FUBINACA. Mechanistic understanding of synthetic cannabinoid toxicity and fatality can help inform overdose treatment strategies and identify vulnerable populations of synthetic cannabinoid users.