Apathy is a highly prevalent and disabling neuropsychiatric syndrome, but its multi-dimensional structure is a challenge for progress towards better identification and treatment. A crucial unresolved question is whether social disengagement reflects a distinct deficit in social motivation or a by-product of diminished initiative or emotional blunting. Previous studies have been constrained by modest sample sizes and limited use of apathy-specific instruments or phenotypically narrow cohorts. Here, we analysed item-level data from 11,243 individuals recruited across multiple centres, including 1154 neurological patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, autoimmune encephalitis and small vessel disease, alongside people with depression and healthy adults. Across exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, symptom-level network modelling, and lifespan analyses, social apathy consistently emerged as a coherent and separable dimension. This pattern was preserved across health, psychiatric, and neurocognitive cohorts, from adolescence through late life. Recognising social apathy as an independent domain reframes a central aspect of mental health-the motivation to connect, care, and act for others-and provides a foundation for more precise assessment and for interventions targeting both social and neurobiological mechanisms.
- 9926853929001891
- The social dimension of apathy: evidence for a distinct domain from 11,243 individuals across health and neurocognitive disorders
- Sijia ZhaoRong YeQian-Yuan TangBahaaeddin AttaallahSofia TonioloYoussuf SalehMatthew A RousePeter GarrardM John BroulidakisSian ThompsonSanjay G ManoharSarosh R IraniYuen-Siang AngPatricia LockwoodMatthew A J AppsPanpan HuKai WangJames B RoweCampbell Le HeronMasud Husain
- Medicine (UOC)
- Translational psychiatry, Vol.16, 263
- Springer Nature
- 08/04/2026
- Wellcome Trust (United Kingdom, London) - WTNational Institute for Health and Care Research (United Kingdom, London) - NIHR
- Canterbury Medical Research Foundation Major Project Grant (02/2019). Refer to article for full funding information.
- Copyright © The Author(s) 2026. This work was first published in Translational Psychiatry (Springer Nature). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided that the original work is properly attributed to the creator(s) and the source, a link to the Creative Commons license is provided, and any changes made are indicated.
- English
- Journal article