Abstract
Adequate iodine status during conception, pregnancy and lactation is essential for supporting infant neurodevelopment. Iodine status in adults and children was improved after two New Zealand government initiatives, but the status of breastfeeding women is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the iodine intake and status of lactating mother-infant pairs at 3 months postpartum and to assess maternal iodine knowledge and practice. Iodine intake was estimated by a weighed 4-day diet diary (4DDD). Maternal urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) in spot urine, breast milk iodine concentrations (BMIC) and infant UIC were measured. Questions about iodine-specific knowledge and practice were asked. In 87 breastfeeding mother-infant pairs, maternal iodine intake was 151 (99, 285) mu g/day, and 58% had an intake below the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 190 mu g/day. Maternal median UIC (MUIC) was 82 (46, 157) mu g/L indicating iodine deficiency (i.e., < 100 mu g/L). Women who used iodine-containing supplements had a significantly higher MUIC (111 vs 68 mu g/L, P = 0.023) and BMIC (84 vs 62 mu g/L, P < 0.001) than non-users. Infants fed by women using iodine-containing supplements had a higher MUIC (150 vs 86 mu g/L, P = 0.036) than those of non-users. A total of 66% (57/87) of women had no or low iodine knowledge. The iodine knowledge score was a statistically significant predictor of consuming iodine-containing supplements [(beta = 1.321, P = 0.008)]. Despite a decade of initiatives to increase iodine intakes in New Zealand, iodine knowledge was low; iodine intake and status of these lactating women were suboptimal, but women who used iodine-containing supplement were more likely to achieve adequate status. Study Registration Number (Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry): ACTRN12615001028594