Abstract
Vertical gradients of NO
x
, HONO, and HNO
3 were measured in the lower 1–
2
m
above the snowpack at Summit, Greenland, during summer 2000. These measurements are used with simultaneous measurements of atmospheric turbulence using eddy covariance systems to determine the vertical fluxes of NO
x
, HONO, and HNO
3. Upward fluxes of NO
x
and HONO were observed; these emissions were highly correlated with diurnally varying sunlight intensity, consistent with the expectation that they are the result of nitrate photolysis within the snowpack. The HNO
3 flux was smaller in magnitude and more variable than those of HONO and NO
x
. It was usually downward, but emission was occasionally observed during mid-day. The 24-h average NO
x
emission
(2.52×10
12
molecules
m
−2
s
−1)
and HONO emission
(4.64×10
11
molecules
m
−2
s
−1)
rates were not balanced by the average HNO
3 deposition rate
(7.16×10
11
molecules
m
−2
s
−1)
, indicating that NO
x
export may slowly remove nitrogen from the system composed of the atmospheric boundary layer plus the top few cm of the surface snowpack, potentially affecting the amount of nitrate ultimately stored in glacial ice. These measurements imply that snowpack (NO
x
+HONO) emissions may alter NO
x
and (through HONO photolysis) OH levels in remote, snow-covered regions, but are small relative to other NO
x
sources on the global scale.