Abstract
In one embodiment, there is provided an apparatus for converting an analogue radio-frequency (RF) signal to an optical signal. The apparatus may include: a vapor cell enclosing a gas of atoms; a probing light source configured to propagate a probing light beam through the vapor cell, a frequency of the probing light beam being tuned across a range in which the atoms transition from a first quantum state to a second quantum state; and, a coupling light source configured to propagate a coupling light beam through the vapor cell, a frequency of the coupling light beam being resonant or off-resonant with transition of the atoms from the second quantum state to a Rydberg state; wherein the vapor cell is configured such that on exposure thereof to an RF field carrying information from the RF signal, the apparatus is configured to encode the RF signal into the probing light beam.