Natural killer (NK) cells were first identified by their ability to kill tumour or virally infected cells without prior sensitization. In spite of this, the actual role of NK cells in tumour immunotherapy remains controversial. ...

Poxviruses are complex, large double stranded DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The early phase of infection involves a two step uncoating process, firstly releasing viral core structures, then ...

Poxviruses are large DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm, and encode numerous host immune modulating factors. The parapoxvirus, orf virus (ORFV) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes pustular dermatitis in sheep, goats ...

By presenting antigen to T cells dendritic cells (DC) carry out a central role in the activation of T cell mediated immunity to cancer. Tumour cell lysate (TL) as a source of tumour antigens offers the advantage over single, ...

The oral cavity contains many different microbial species growing in a biofilm. Dental caries is the localised destruction of the tooth by organic acids produced from the bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates. ...

Digestion-resistant carbohydrates (DRC) in the diet pass to the terminal ileum and large bowel where they may be fermented by resident bacteria. The bacterial communities in the bowel of young animals undergo dramatic ...

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the infections that predispose pregnant women to preterm labour and post delivery complications. The use of antibiotics to treat the BV is not effective with high recurrent cases and ...