Representations and Receptions of Scipio Africanus from the Second Century BCE to the Present

Abstract

This dissertation catalogues the numerous representations of the elder Scipio Africanus from Roman times to the present day. Chapter one provides a brief analysis of the ancient sources relevant to his life. The biography of Scipio provided in chapter two details not only the military and political aspects of his life but also discusses what Scipio’s actions indicate about his character. Some key features of Scipio’s character are his pride, charisma, and willingness to challenge Roman traditions. In tracing the development of the legend of Scipio in chapter three, this chapter explores the ways in which the ancient authors used Scipio. Scipio manipulated the widespread Roman beliefs that he was divinely favored or that he was even the son of Jupiter. The fourth chapter catalogues the military strategies and tactics of Scipio and his main adversary, Hannibal. Although the two generals adopted similar tactics throughout their campaigns, Scipio was ultimately the victor because he obtained more allies and made better strategic decisions than Hannibal. The virtuous actions of Scipio’s life have contributed to the extensive uses of his image after Roman times. By exploring the literary reception of Scipio, chapter five demonstrates how authors from the thirteenth through the seventeenth centuries utilize the image of Scipio. While most authors, especially Petrarch, portray Scipio as a man of virtue to be emulated, John Milton presents Scipio as a figure unworthy of admiration. The sixth chapter demonstrates that Scipio was used in visual and musical representations as an example of generosity, victory, masculinity, and even republicanism; the figure of Scipio was also utilized by Mussolini to provide justification for Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia. Scipio’s image, therefore, has been adapted to suit the agendas of authors and artists throughout the centuries. This catalogue serves as a guide to the material on Scipio for those interested in his reception.